Gynaecology Glossary

Navigating women’s health often feels like learning a new language. When you receive a pathology report or a summary from a specialist, the clinical terms used—like "endometrium," "dysplasia," or "benign"—can feel overwhelming. As a gynaecologist, I believe that clear communication is the foundation of good care. This glossary is designed to empower you with the knowledge to understand your body and your medical results.

A to Z of Common Gynaecological Terms

A condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It often causes heavy, painful periods and a "heavy" sensation in the pelvis. Learn more on our Adenomyosis page.

Bands of scar tissue that can cause internal organs (like the ovaries, uterus, or bowel) to stick together. These are often caused by previous surgery, Endometriosis, or infections.

The thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls due to a decline in oestrogen, most commonly occurring during Menopause.

A term used to describe a growth or tumour that is not cancerous. While benign growths (like Uterine Polyps) aren't life-threatening, they can still cause symptoms like bleeding or pain.

The removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. This is the only definitive way to confirm if cell changes are precancerous or cancerous.

A grading system used to describe abnormal (precancerous) cells on the surface of the cervix.

• CIN 1: Mild changes, often clear on their own.

• CIN 2: Moderate changes, usually require treatment.

• CIN 3: Severe changes, requiring a LLETZ procedure to prevent progression to cancer.

A procedure where a gynaecologist uses a specialized magnifying instrument (a colposcope) to look closely at the cervix, usually following an abnormal Cervical Screening Test.

A fluid-filled sac. In gynaecology, these are most commonly found on the ovaries. Most are "functional" (part of the normal cycle), but some may require surgical monitoring.

The medical term for painful menstrual periods. "Primary" dysmenorrhea is common cramping, while "Secondary" dysmenorrhea is caused by an underlying issue like Endometriosis.

The lining of the uterus that thickens every month in preparation for a possible pregnancy and sheds during your period if pregnancy does not occur.

The surgical removal of the uterus. A "Total" hysterectomy removes the uterus and cervix. A "Subtotal" hysterectomy leaves the cervix intact.

Also known as "keyhole surgery." A minimally invasive surgical technique where a camera and instruments are inserted through tiny incisions in the abdomen.

The medical term for excessively heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. If you are soaking through a pad every hour, you may be experiencing menorrhagia.

A medical term used to describe a woman who has never given birth to a viable infant. This is often noted in obstetric and gynaecological histories.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

A screening test used to detect high-risk HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and abnormal cell changes on the cervix before they become cancerous.

A removable device (usually made of silicone) inserted into the vagina to support pelvic organs in cases of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

The surgical removal of the fallopian tubes. This is now the standard for permanent contraception and also helps reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.